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Introduction: Deep vein thrombosis (also called deep vein thrombophlebitis, or DVT) is the formation of blood clots (thrombi) in the deep veins. Deep veins are located in the muscles or deeper. Deep vein thrombosis is common. Inactivity increases the chance of developing deep vein thrombosis. This disorder usually affects veins in the calves or thighs. Occasionally in deep vein thrombosis, part of one or more blood clots breaks off, travels through the veins and heart (becoming an embolus), and blocks the arteries that carry blood to the lungs. This blockage is called pulmonary embolism, which can have serious consequences. The main hydraulic force of the venous system of the leg is the deep calf muscles (calf pump), primarily the gastrocnemius muscle. As the calf muscle contracts, very high venous pressures (up to 100 mm Hg)(95) are generated, and blood is propelled rapidly. When calf muscles are contracted they cause dorsiflextion of the foot. This movement is unintentional while walking. In times when a person seats or stands for a long period of time, venous blood flow is reduced, due to a lack of enough calf muscles contractions (reduced dorsiflextion) and augment the risk for DVT.
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